Nest boxes · Pennsylvania

Birdhouses for Pennsylvania

21 cavity-nesting birds breed in Pennsylvania. The first starts nesting in January, so the box season opens in December.

Local conditions

Growing zones: USDA 5a–7b
Winter: Snow cover makes suet and heated water valuable; both chickadee species meet in a narrow hybrid zone across the south of the state.
Summer: Warm summers; bluebirds typically raise two broods.
Box nesters: 21 (17 year-round residents)
Hole sizes needed: 14 distinct

Humid continental; cold, snowy winters in the north and mountains, milder in the southeast.

Box calendar for Pennsylvania

Bird	Status	Hole	Height	Up by	Nesting	Clean out
Barred Owl	Year-round resident	7–8 in	12–20 ft	December	January–May	June
Hooded Merganser	Year-round resident	4 × 3 in oval	6–20 ft	January	February–May	June
Eastern Screech-Owl	Year-round resident	3 in	10–30 ft	February	March–May	June
American Kestrel	Year-round resident	3 in	10–30 ft	February	March–June	July
Wood Duck	Year-round resident	4 × 3 in oval	6–20 ft	February	March–June	July
Northern Saw-whet Owl	Year-round resident	2 1/2 in	10–20 ft	February	March–June	July
Eastern Bluebird Fewer birds remain in winter.	Year-round resident	1 1/2 in round (1 9/16 in for Mountain/Western overlap)	4–6 ft on a baffled pole	March	April–August	September
Black-capped Chickadee North and central; replaced by Carolina Chickadee in the southeast.	Year-round resident	1 1/8 in round	5–15 ft	March	April–July	August
Carolina Chickadee Southeast and southwest only.	Year-round resident	1 1/8 in round	5–15 ft	March	April–June	July
Downy Woodpecker	Year-round resident	1 1/4 in round	5–20 ft, box packed with wood shavings	March	April–June	July
Hairy Woodpecker	Year-round resident	1 1/2 in round	8–20 ft, box packed with wood shavings	March	April–June	July
Tufted Titmouse	Year-round resident	1 1/4 in round	5–15 ft	March	April–June	July
White-breasted Nuthatch	Year-round resident	1 1/4 in round	5–20 ft	March	April–June	July
Carolina Wren	Year-round resident	1 1/8–1 1/2 in	5–10 ft	March	April–August	September
Red-bellied Woodpecker	Year-round resident	2 1/2 in	12–20 ft	March	April–July	August
Northern Flicker	Year-round resident	2 1/2 in	6–20 ft	March	April–June	July
Purple Martin	Summer breeder	1 3/4–2 1/8 in round, or starling-resistant crescent (3 × 1 3/16 in)	10–20 ft on a telescoping pole, 40+ ft from trees	April	May–July	August
House Wren	Summer breeder	1 to 1 1/8 in round	5–10 ft near shrubs	April	May–August	September
Red-breasted Nuthatch	Year-round resident	1 1/4 in	5–15 ft	April	May–June	July
Tree Swallow	Summer breeder	1 1/2 in	5–10 ft	April	May–June	July
Great Crested Flycatcher	Summer breeder	1 3/4 in	8–20 ft	April	May–July	August

Nesting windows are shifted from each species' mid-latitude season by Pennsylvania's latitude; year-round residents may also roost in boxes over winter, so clean them out in autumn and leave them up.

Frequently asked

When should I put up a birdhouse in Pennsylvania?

By December for the earliest local nester, the Barred Owl, which starts nesting around January.

Which birds use nest boxes in Pennsylvania?

Barred Owl, Hooded Merganser, Eastern Screech-Owl, American Kestrel, Wood Duck, Northern Saw-whet Owl, Eastern Bluebird, Black-capped Chickadee, Carolina Chickadee, Downy Woodpecker, Hairy Woodpecker, Tufted Titmouse, White-breasted Nuthatch, Carolina Wren, Red-bellied Woodpecker, Northern Flicker, Purple Martin, House Wren, Red-breasted Nuthatch, Tree Swallow, Great Crested Flycatcher.

What hole size should a Pennsylvania birdhouse have?

It depends on the bird: the 21 local box nesters use 14 different hole sizes. See the table for each species.

Sources

Timing reflects typical patterns for the region as a whole; local dates vary with elevation and year. Check the linked eBird bar charts for your county.